Bone fracture
It is one of the most important injuries to the body that is usually caused by an injury. Any deformity of the bone following an injury is called a fracture.
Bone fracture
In other words, if the force applied to the bone is too much to bear and can change the shape of the bone, we say that a fracture has occurred. This deformity may appear in different forms and is associated with severity and weakness. Sometimes the fracture is very obvious. In this case, the impact causes the bone to split into two or even several completely separate pieces. Sometimes the impact is so severe that it breaks the bone.
Bone fracture
Sometimes the impact may be less severe and cause only a hair crack in the bone. So, although the name fracture covers a wide range of conditions, the common feature of all of them is that due to the force applied to the bone, the continuity of the bone mass is disrupted along it and the shape of the bone changes. Common Mechanical Tests on Bone Various mechanical tests are used to obtain the mechanical properties of bone, such as Young’s hardness and modulus, absorbed energy (toughness), ultimate strain, and ultimate strength. As we know, bone is heterogeneously round and its mechanical behavior varies in different directions under load. The human bone can withstand more pressure than tension and more tension than shear.
Bone fracture
Attraction:
At the microscopic level, fractures for bone under tensile loading occur mainly due to rupture of the cements and elongation of the cavities at the site of osteoblast cells (osteons). The type of fracture that occurs under stress is a transverse fracture. In long bones, a fracture usually occurs where there is a larger volume of spongy bone.
Pressure:
At the microscopic level, fractures caused by compressive loading are mainly due to oblique cracking at the site of osteoblast cell cavities. The type of fracture that occurs at pressure is oblique at an angle of 30 degrees due to shear forces. A small number of fractures are simply due to compressive loading. In long bones, fractures usually occur where there is a larger volume of spongy bone.
Bending:
Bending is a combination of tensile and compressive loading. Usually one side of the bone withstands tensile stress and the other side with compressive stress. Because bone is asymmetric, the compressive and tensile stresses it can withstand are not equal. A neutral axis occurs that withstands traction.
Bone fracture
Three-point bending:
The three forces acting on the body produce two equal torques, each of which is the product of one of the two external forces and its distance to the axis of rotation (the midpoint where the load is applied and if the load leads to yield, assuming the body is homogeneous and isotropic In the adult bone, as mentioned, the fracture occurs in the part of the bone that can withstand the tension. Fractures in children’s bones may be caused by buckling due to pressure
Four-point bending:
Two couplings on the body produce two equal torques. The amount of torque applied to the bend is the same throughout the region between the two forces. The structure breaks at its weakest point at this distance.
Combined flexural and compressive loading:
In this case, the fracture is a combination of compressive and flexural fractures. Bending on the tensile side of the bone produces a transverse fracture, and the pressure causes an oblique fracture on the other side of the neutral fiber. And causes butterfly failure.
Bone fracture
twisting:
Loading is done so that the twist occurs around the axis. Torque is generated inside the structure. The maximum shear stress is applied in parallel and perpendicular to the neutral axis. The maximum stress is applied by compressive and tensile forces in the diagonal plates with the neutral axis. This failure begins due to shear stress, with the parallel axis cracking of the neutral axis of the bone and then the crack propagating due to the tensile stress along the diagonal line with the bone axis.
Cut:
An object subjected to shear loading gives an angular deformation. Shear stress is also generated when the material is under compressive or tensile loading.
آتل گچی سینوهه
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